sera Roi de France et de Navarre pendant 17 ans, jusqu'au 4 septembre 1791, puis Roi des Français, pendant 11 mois et 6 jours. Wikichampions du moment Louis XVI (23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the King of France from 1774 until 1792, when the monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution. Discontent among the members of France's middle and lower classes resulted in strengthened opposition to the French aristocracy and to the absolute monarchy, of which Louis and his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette, were viewed as representatives. His mother never recovered from the loss of her husband and died on 13 March 1767, also from tuberculosis. His older brother, Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, died in June 1789, a little over a month before the start of the French Revolution. These included efforts to abolish serfdom, remove the taille (land tax) and the corvée (labour tax),[1] and increase tolerance toward non-Catholics as well as abolish the death penalty for deserters. The ensuing debt and financial crisis contributed to the unpopularity of the Ancien Régime. One month later, the absolute monarchy was abolished and the First French Republic was proclaimed on 21 September 1792. He enjoyed physical activities such as hunting with his grandfather and rough play with his younger brothers, Louis-Stanislas, comte de Provence, and Charles-Philippe, comte d'Artois. As a last-ditch attempt to get new monetary reforms approved, Louis XVI convoked the Estates-General on 8 August 1788, setting the date of their opening on 1 May 1789. [2][3] The French nobility reacted to the proposed reforms with hostility, and successfully opposed their implementation. [51], On 11 December, among crowded and silent streets, the deposed king was brought from the Temple to stand before the convention and hear his indictment, an accusation of high treason and crimes against the State. More recently, he was depicted in the 2006 film Marie Antoinette by Jason Schwartzman. Januar 1793, war Kinnek vu Frankräich an Navarra vu 1774 bis 1789 an duerno Kinnek vun de Fransouse bis 1792.Hie war de leschte Vetrieder vum Absolutismus a gouf zu engem Affer vun der Franséischer Revolutioun. Upon the refusal of the members of the Parlement, Louis XVI tried to use his absolute power to subjugate them by every means: enforcing in many occasions the registration of his reforms (6 August 1787, 19 November 1787, and 8 May 1788), exiling all Parlement magistrates to Troyes as a punishment on 15 August 1787, prohibiting six members from attending parliamentary sessions on 19 November, arresting two very important members of the Parlement, who opposed his reforms, on 6 May 1788, and even dissolving and depriving of all power the "Parlement," replacing it with a plenary court, on 8 May 1788. [42] He left behind (on his bed) a 16-page written manifesto, Déclaration du roi, adressée à tous les François, à sa sortie de Paris,[43] traditionally known as the Testament politique de Louis XVI ("Political Testament of Louis XVI"), explaining his rejection of the constitutional system as illegitimate; it was printed in the newspapers. He was referred to as Citizen Louis Capet during the four months just before he was executed by … With the convocation of the Estates-General, as in many other instances during his reign, Louis XVI placed his reputation and public image in the hands of those who were perhaps not as sensitive to the desires of the French population as he was. Louis could no longer be considered a hostage or as leverage in negotiations with the invading forces. Louis XVI reçoit le viatique (la communion du mourant) [3]. Il était l'arrière-arrière-arrière-petit-fils du roi de France, Louis XIV de France ainsi que le petit-fils de l'arrière-petit-fils de Louis XIV, Louis XV. Within 24 hours, the royal family was arrested at Varennes-en-Argonne shortly after Jean-Baptiste Drouet, who recognised the king from his profile on a 50 livres assignat[44] (paper money), had given the alert. In many ways, the former king's trial represented the trial of the monarchy by the revolution. Louis XVI's attempts to control it resulted in the Tennis Court Oath (serment du jeu de paume), on 20 June, the declaration of the National Constituent Assembly on 9 July, and eventually to the storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which started the French Revolution. Louis XVI was the only king of France ever to be executed, and his death brought an end to more than a thousand years of continuous French monarchy. [27] In 1782, he sealed an alliance with the Peshwa Madhu Rao Narayan. Author: Barry Jones. In the same year Louis was persuaded by Pierre Beaumarchais to send supplies, ammunition, and guns to the rebels secretly. Louis XVI o Fraunce - Wikipedia Louis XVI o Fraunce Frae Wikipedia, the free beuk o knawledge Louis XVI (Louis Auguste; 23 August 1754 – 21 Januar 1793) wis King o Fraunce an Navarre frae 1774 till 1791, efter which he wis subsequently Keeng o the French frae 1791 tae 1792, afore his deposeetion an execution during the French Revolution. In the letter, Joseph describes in astonishingly frank detail Louis's inadequate performance in the marriage bed and Antoinette's lack of interest in conjugal activity. [46] In a wider perspective, the failure was attributable to the king's indecision—he repeatedly postponed the schedule, allowing for smaller problems to become severe. In the end, the Legislative Assembly, supported by Louis XVI, declared war on Austria ("the King of Bohemia and Hungary") first, voting for war on 20 April 1792, after a long list of grievances was presented to it by the foreign minister, Charles François Dumouriez. Despite his signing of the "Civil Constitution of the Clergy", Louis had been described as a martyr by Pope Pius VI in 1793. Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; Französisch Aussprache: [LWI sɛːz] ; 23. Second, the royal treasury was financially destitute to a crippling degree, leaving it incapable of sustaining its own imposed reforms. Louis was officially arrested on 13 August 1792 and sent to the Temple, an ancient fortress in Paris that was used as a prison. 288 of the deputies voted against death and for some other alternative, mainly some means of imprisonment or exile. Louis-Auguste was overlooked by his parents who favored his older brother, Louis, duc de Bourgogne, who was regarded as bright and handsome but who died at the age of nine in 1761. [45], At the individual level, the failure of the escape plans was due to a series of misadventures, delays, misinterpretations, and poor judgments. The deeper realization, that the king had in fact repudiated the Revolution, was an even greater shock for people who until then had seen him as a good king who governed as a manifestation of God's will. [34][35], France also intervened in Cochinchina following Mgr Pigneau de Béhaine's intervention to obtain military aid. [6] His instructors may have also had a good hand in shaping Louis-Auguste into the indecisive king that he became. [53], The convention would be voting on three questions: first, Is Louis guilty; second, whatever the decision, should there be an appeal to the people; and third, if found guilty, what punishment should Louis suffer? "[23] He, therefore, appointed an experienced advisor, Jean-Frédéric Phélypeaux, Comte de Maurepas who, until his death in 1781, would take charge of many important ministerial functions. Granting non-Roman Catholics – Huguenots and Lutherans, as well as Jews – civil and legal status in France and the legal right to practice their faiths, this edict effectively nullified the Edict of Fontainebleau that had been law for 102 years. This had led to a strategy amongst the French leadership of seeking to rebuild the French military in order to fight a war of revenge against Britain, in which it was hoped the lost colonies could be recovered. The couple's sexual problems are now attributed to other factors. Arnault Laporte, who was in charge of the Civil list, collaborated with both Montmorin and Mirabeau. En 1776, il charge Suffren de choisir le port le plus adéquat pour son dessein. Eventually, the royal couple became the parents of four children. Le 16 mai 1770, Louis-Auguste de Bourbon épouse l'archiduchesse d'Autriche Marie-Antoinette. De Louis XVI. On 27 August, Leopold and Frederick William II of Prussia, in consultation with émigrés French nobles, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which declared the interest of the monarchs of Europe in the well-being of Louis and his family, and threatened vague but severe consequences if anything should befall them. In deciding in favor of war, despite France's large financial problems, the King was materially influenced by alarmist reports after the Battle of Saratoga, which suggested that Britain was preparing to make huge concessions to the thirteen colonies and then, allied with them, to strike at French and Spanish possessions in the West Indies. Januar 1793) war der letzte König von Frankreich vor dem Sturz der Monarchie während der Revolution Französisch . However, the appanage generated only 300,000 livres a year, an amount much lower than it had been at its peak in the fourteenth century. However, his indecision, many delays, and misunderstanding of France were responsible for the failure of the escape. They felt betrayed, and as a result, Republicanism now burst out of the coffee houses and became a dominating philosophy of the rapidly radicalized French Revolution.[48]. Lack of compassion at that moment contributed to a radicalization of revolutionary violence and to greater divisiveness among Frenchmen. The two writers did not share the same sociopolitical vision, but they agreed that, even though the monarchy was rightly ended in 1792, the lives of the royal family should have been spared. When Louis XVI succeeded to the throne in 1774, he was 19 years old. Januar 1793 in Paris) aus dem Haus Bourbon wurde nach dem Tode seines Vaters 1765 Dauphin sowie nach dem Tode seines Großvaters 1774 schließlich König von Frankreich und Navarra. The failure of these measures and displays of royal power is attributable to three decisive factors. [63], The 19th-century historian Jules Michelet attributed the restoration of the French monarchy to the sympathy that had been engendered by the execution of Louis XVI. Under this decision, the king agreed to retain many of the traditions which had been the norm in 1614 and prior convocations of the Estates-General, but which were intolerable to a Third Estate buoyed by recent proclamations of equality. The voting took a total of 36 hours. Louis-Auguste de Bourbon ou Louis XVI de France est né le 23 août 1754 à Versailles et mort le 21 janvier 1793 à Paris fut le dernier roi de France. Il est le dernier roi de France de la période dite de l' Ancien Régime. In 1785, he appointed La Pérouse to lead a sailing expedition around the world. On one hand, Louis was nowhere near as reactionary as his brothers, the comte de Provence[citation needed] and the comte d'Artois, and he repeatedly sent messages to them requesting a halt to their attempts to launch counter-coups. Necker concealed the crisis from the public by explaining only that ordinary revenues exceeded ordinary expenses, and not mentioning the loans. On l'appelait le citoyen Louis Capet pendant les quatre mois précédant son exécution par guillotine . Louis XVI de Bourbon-Vendôme, King of France, King of Navarre, was born 23 August 1754 in Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France to Louis de Bourbon (1729-1765) and Maria Josepha von Sachsen (1731-1767) and died 21 January 1793 inParis, France of beheading by guillotine. Louis was then tried by the National Convention (self-instituted as a tribunal for the occasion), found guilty of high treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793, as a desacralized French citizen under the name of Citizen Louis Capet, in reference to Hugh Capet, the founder of the Capetian dynasty – which the revolutionaries interpreted as Louis's surname. Louis implemented deregulation of the grain market, advocated by his economic liberal minister Turgot, but it resulted in an increase in bread prices. After this, Louis XVI and his new Controller-General des finances, Étienne-Charles de Loménie de Brienne, tried to simply force the Parlement de Paris to register the new laws and fiscal reforms. [8], This marriage was met with hostility from the French public. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history. From an early age, Louis-Auguste was encouraged in another of his interests, locksmithing, which was seen as a useful pursuit for a child. 2 Pt. Early in 1778 he signed a formal Treaty of Alliance, and later that year France went to war with Britain. Third, although the King enjoyed as much absolute power as his predecessors, he lacked the personal authority crucial for absolutism to function properly. On 21 June 1791, Louis XVI attempted to flee secretly with his family from Paris to the royalist fortress town of Montmédy on the northeastern border of France, where he would join the émigrés and be protected by Austria. Before his burial, a short religious service was held in the Madeleine church (destroyed in 1799) by two priests who had sworn allegiance to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. The Edict of Versailles did not legally proclaim freedom of religion in France – this took two more years, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 – however, it was an important step in eliminating religious tensions and it officially ended religious persecution within his realm.[24]. However, the British defeated the main French fleet in 1782 and successfully defended Jamaica and Gibraltar. The credibility of the king was deeply undermined, and the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic became an ever-increasing possibility. [5] The strict and conservative education he received from the Duc de La Vauguyon, "gouverneur des Enfants de France" (governor of the Children of France), from 1760 until his marriage in 1770, did not prepare him for the throne that he was to inherit in 1774 after the death of his grandfather, Louis XV. He thought, mistakenly, that he was beloved by his subjects. [30] When news of this reached London in March 1782, the government of Lord North fell and Great Britain immediately sued for peace terms; however, France delayed the end of the war until September 1783 in the hope of overrunning more British colonies in India and the West Indies. Louis XIII, le père de Louis XIV, est mort quand celui-ci avait 4 ans et demi et ne pouvait pas régner. [7], On 16 May 1770, at the age of fifteen, Louis-Auguste married the fourteen-year-old Habsburg Archduchess Maria Antonia (better known by the French form of her name, Marie Antoinette), his second cousin once removed and the youngest daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I and his wife, the Empress Maria Theresa. It was taken by many to be the final proof of collusion between the king and foreign powers in a conspiracy against his own country. Can't the King do it?"[13]. (2013)[66] tested the Y-DNA of three living members of the House of Bourbon, one descending from Louis XIII of France via King Louis Philippe I, and two from Louis XIV via Philip V of Spain, and concluded that all three men share the same STR haplotype and belonged to Haplogroup_R1b (R-M343). On lui demande d'aller aux Tuileries en octobre 1789. As a result, the Revolution was opposed by many of the rural people of France and by all the governments of France's neighbors. In 1765, upon the death of his father, Louis, Dauphin of France, he became the new Dauphin. 72 of the deputies voted for the death penalty, but subject to several delaying conditions and reservations. Ludwig XVI., französisch Louis XVI – geboren als Prinz Ludwig-August von Frankreich, Herzog von Berry; französisch Prince Louis-Auguste de France, duc de berry – (* 23. The reason as to why many biographers have not elaborated extensively on this time in the king's life is due to the uncertainty surrounding his actions during this period, as Louis XVI's declaration that was left behind in the Tuileries stated that he regarded his actions during constitutional reign provisional; he reflected that his "palace was a prison". However, he became more and more disturbed as it became more and more radical. Now unpopular to both the commoners and the aristocracy, Louis XVI was therefore only very briefly able to impose his decisions and reforms, for periods ranging from 2 to 4 months, before having to revoke them. [15] Historians adhering to this view suggest that he was circumcised[16] (a common treatment for phimosis) to relieve the condition seven years after their marriage. France gained little from the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the war, except the colonies of Tobago and Senegal. In a context of civil and international war, Louis XVI was suspended and arrested at the time of the Insurrection of 10 August 1792. Louis XVI and his family were taken back to Paris where they arrived on 25 June. Antonia Fraser's biography of the queen discusses Joseph II's letter on the matter to one of his brothers after he visited Versailles in 1777. Ein anderer Bruder war der Graf von Artois, der spätere Karl X.. Seine Geburt war schwierig und er hatte gesundheitliche Probleme, so dass man zeitweise mit seinem baldigen Tod rechnete. Er wurde in den vier Monaten, kurz bevor er von einer Guillotine hingerichtet wurde, als Bürger Louis … [21], Of these, only Armand, Ernestine and Zoe actually lived with the royal family: Jean Amilcar, along with the elder siblings of Zoe and Armand who were also formally foster children of the royal couple, simply lived on the queen's expense until her imprisonment, which proved fatal for at least Amilcar, as he was evicted from the boarding school when the fee was no longer paid, and reportedly starved to death on the street. Britain's victories had seen them capture most of France's colonial territories. ( more...) Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; French pronunciation: [lwi sɛːz]; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. The duchy was given to enhance Louis Stanislas' prestige. Paul Wranitzky: "Funeral March for the Death of King Louis XVI" from the Symphony Op. Vergennes and Maurepas refused to support the Austrian position, but the intervention of Marie Antoinette in favor of Austria obliged France to adopt a position more favorable to Austria, which in the treaty of Teschen was able to get in compensation a territory whose population numbered around 100,000 persons. [10] Over time, the couple became closer, though while their marriage was reportedly consummated in July 1773, it did not actually happen until 1777. Louis XVI's last words heard before the drums covered his voice: Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. Other commemorations of Louis XVI include: King Louis XVI has been portrayed in numerous films. [11], The couple's failure to produce any children for several years placed a strain upon their marriage,[12] exacerbated by the publication of obscene pamphlets (libelles) mocking their infertility. While the revolutionary government frantically raised fresh troops and reorganised its armies, a Prussian-Austrian army under Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick assembled at Coblenz on the Rhine. Members of the Commune and the most radical deputies, who would soon form the group known as the Mountain, argued for Louis's immediate execution. So, in 1776, Turgot was dismissed and Malesherbes resigned, to be replaced by Jacques Necker. Significant civil and political events by year, Concerning the American Revolution and Europe, Revolutionary constitutional reign, 1789–1792, Imprisonment, execution and burial, 1792–1793. He was particularly irked by being kept essentially as a prisoner in the Tuileries, and by the refusal of the new regime to allow him to have confessors and priests of his choice rather than 'constitutional priests' pledged to the state and not the Roman Catholic Church. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. L'exécution de Louis XVI, en application du jugement de mise à mort de l'ancien roi de France et de Navarre et ancien roi des Français par décapitation prononcé par les députés de la Convention nationale à la suite de son procès, a eu lieu le 21 janvier 1793 à 10 h 22, à Paris, sur la place de la Révolution (ancienne place Louis XV, devenue en 1795 la place de la Concorde). Dumouriez prepared an immediate invasion of the Austrian Netherlands, where he expected the local population to rise against Austrian rule. Throughout his education, Louis-Auguste received a mixture of studies particular to religion, morality, and humanities. France and Spain planned to invade the British Isles themselves with the Armada of 1779, but the operation never went ahead. He seemed to regard the deputies of the Estates-General with respect: in a wave of self-important patriotism, members of the Estates refused to remove their hats in the King's presence, so Louis removed his to them.[26]. Dernière collaboration à cette page le 3 mai 2015 à 03:31. Joseph described the couple as "complete fumblers"; however, with his advice, Louis began to apply himself more effectively to his marital duties, and in the third week of March 1778 Marie Antoinette became pregnant. Initially, he had looked on the Revolution with equanimity. Ludwig XIV., französisch Louis XIV (* 5. Some, like Honoré Mirabeau, secretly plotted with the Crown to restore its power in a new constitutional form. Most modern historians agree that Louis had no surgery[17][18][19] – for instance, as late as 1777, the Prussian envoy, Baron Goltz, reported that the King of France had definitely declined the operation. The war cost 1,066 million livres, financed by new loans at high interest (with no new taxes).   Pages les plus demandées [56], The next day, a motion to grant Louis XVI reprieve from the death sentence was voted down: 310 of the deputies requested mercy, but 380 voted for the immediate execution of the death penalty. [27][33] Suffren became the ally of Hyder Ali in the Second Anglo-Mysore War against British rule in India, in 1782–1783, fighting the British fleet along the coasts of India and Ceylon. In July, the invasion began, with Brunswick's army easily taking the fortresses of Longwy and Verdun. Louis XVI was wholly disappointed in his aims of recovering Canada, India, and other islands in the West Indies from Britain, as they were too well defended and the Royal Navy made any attempted invasion of mainland Britain impossible. According to Madame Campan, Marie Antoinette's lady-in-waiting, the queen also suffered two miscarriages. The French expeditionary force arrived in North America in July 1780. A classic and very stylish full piece of furniture that will enrich the room with its appearance. [55] The next day, a roll-call vote was carried out to decide upon the fate of the former king, and the result was uncomfortably close for such a dramatic decision. After he was forced from office in 1781, new taxes were levied. Louis XVI (Louis-Auguste; French pronunciation: ​[lwi sɛːz]; 23 August 1754 – 21 January 1793) was the last king of France before the fall of the monarchy during the French Revolution. geboren. The key figure was Marie-Antoinette's brother, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II. Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Ideals, Joel Felix & Louis Sixteen and Marie Antoinette 2006, "The History Project – University of California, Davis", TRAITÉ conclu à Versailles entre la France et la Cochinchine, représentée par Mgr Pigneau de Béhaine, évêque d'Adran, le 28 novembre 1787, "Déclaration du roi [Louis XVI] adressée à tous les Français, à sa sortie de ...", "Blood of Louis XVI 'found in gourd container, "Genetic genealogy reveals true Y haplogroup of House of Bourbon contradicting recent identification of the presumed remains of two French Kings", http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frarms.htm, "History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814", Citizens. Louis XVI. The other monarchies of Europe looked with concern upon the developments in France, and considered whether they should intervene, either in support of Louis or to take advantage of the chaos in France. Louis croit à une révolte mais on lui dit que c'est une révolution. His uncle, the future. The legal background of many of the deputies made it difficult for a great number of them to accept an execution without the due process of law, and it was voted that the deposed monarch be tried before the National Convention, the organ that housed the representatives of the sovereign people. Il s'agit pour le souverain de faire du port normand une base navale militaire pour une revanche contre les Anglais. This would not have been possible if he had undergone a circumcision; at the very least, he would have been unable to ride to the hunt for a few weeks afterwards. [47] The king's flight in the short term was traumatic for France, inciting a wave of emotions that ranged from anxiety to violence to panic. This misleading publication led the people of France to believe the kingdom ran a modest surplus. Louis XVI granted Louis Stanislas revenues from the Duchy of Alençon in December 1774. 31 "The Revolution" or "La Paix", Mov. Gaiman went to Paris on 20 November and told Jean-Marie Roland, Girondinist Minister of the Interior, who ordered it opened. [39][40], While the National Assembly worked painstakingly towards a constitution, Louis and Marie-Antoinette were involved in plans of their own. Thus, the funds of the Liste Civile, voted annually by the National Assembly, were partially assigned to secret expenses in order to preserve the monarchy. ". The growth of anti-clericalism among revolutionaries resulted in the abolition of the dîme (religious land tax) and several government policies aimed at the dechristianization of France. France's initial military assistance to the American rebels was a disappointment, with defeats at Rhode Island and Savannah. Mel Brooks played a comic version of Louis XVI in The History of the World Part 1, portraying him as a libertine who has such distaste for the peasantry he uses them as targets in skeet shooting. When the nobles were informed of the true extent of the debt, they were shocked and rejected the plan. He said, "If we accept the proposition that one person can be sacrificed for the happiness of the many, it will soon be demonstrated that two or three or more could also be sacrificed for the happiness of the many. Contrary to its intended purpose of strengthening Louis XVI's position against the revolutionaries, the Brunswick Manifesto had the opposite effect of greatly undermining his already highly tenuous position. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. Louis XVI. Despite this, he still hoped to avoid war. In effect, he headed a secret council of advisers to Louis XVI, which tried to preserve the monarchy; these schemes proved unsuccessful, and were exposed later when the armoire de fer was discovered. [41] As tensions in Paris rose and he was pressured to accept measures from the Assembly against his will, Louis XVI and the queen plotted to secretly escape from France. Both of his sons died in childhood, before the Bourbon Restoration; his only child to reach adulthood, Marie Therese, was given over to the Austrians in exchange for French prisoners of war, eventually dying childless in 1851. Philippe Égalité, formerly the Duke of Orléans and Louis's cousin, voted for Louis's execution, a cause of much future bitterness among French monarchists; he would himself be guillotined on the same scaffold, Place de la Révolution, before the end of the same year, on 6 November 1793. One of seven children, he was the second surviving son of Louis, the Dauphin of France, and the grandson of Louis XV of France and of his consort, Maria Leszczyńska. While none doubted his intellectual ability to rule France, it was quite clear that, although raised as the Dauphin since 1765, he lacked firmness and decisiveness. In Marie Antoinette (1938), he was played by Robert Morley. Vergennes, supported by King Louis, refused to go to War to support Austria in the Bavarian Succession crisis in 1778, when Austrian Holy Roman Emperor Joseph tried to control parts of Bavaria. As the Revolution became more radical and the masses more uncontrollable, several of the Revolution's leading figures began to doubt its benefits. The order of the voting on each question was a compromise within the Jacobin movement between the Girondins and Mountain; neither were satisfied but both accepted. Le 14 juillet 1789, la Bastille est prise. [58] He then declared himself innocent of the crimes of which he was accused, praying that his blood would not fall back on France. Louis had appointed Breteuil to act as plenipotentiary, dealing with other foreign heads of state in an attempt to bring about a counter-revolution. un roi de droit divin, maître absolu du territoire et des hommes (ses sujets) de son royaume. 2. In Sacha Guitry's Si Versailles m'était conté, Louis was portrayed by one of the film's producers, Gilbert Bokanowski, using the alias Gilbert Boka. "From Royal Dignity to Republican Austerity: the Ritual for the Reception of Louis XVI in the French National Assembly (1789–1792). In 1780, France sent Rochambeau and Grasse to help the Americans, along with large land and naval forces.
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