When his attempt to call a new crusade failed, he tried to disassociate himself from the fiasco of the Second Crusade altogether. However, he was assassinated by a slave in 1146 and was succeeded in Aleppo by his son Nur ad-Din. [13] Pope Eugene came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. [41], Since the original negotiations between Louis and Manuel I, Manuel had broken off his military campaign against Rûm, signing a truce with his enemy Sultan Mesud I. Manuel did this to give himself a free hand to concentrate on defending his empire from the Crusaders, who had gained a reputation for theft and treachery since the First Crusade and were widely suspected of harbouring sinister designs on Constantinople. The ahdath militia, though less well trained than the Turkish prof… In 1145, a second crusade was called for by the French Monk; St.Bernard of Clairvaux, with King Louis VII of France and King Conrad III of Germany, leaders of the crusade. A council to decide on the best target for the crusaders took place on 24 June 1148, when the Haute Cour of Jerusalem met with the recently arrived crusaders from Europe at Palmarea, near Acre, a major city of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. Ottokar III of Styria joined Conrad at Vienna, and Conrad's enemy Géza II of Hungary allowed them to pass through unharmed. [63] However, relations with the Byzantine Empire were mixed, and reinforcements from Europe were sparse after the disaster of the Second Crusade. The rest of the Second Crusade was equally disastrous. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and participated in 1148 in an ill-advised attack on Damascus. They followed Otto of Freising's route, moving closer to the Mediterranean coast, and arrived at Ephesus in December, where they learned that the Turks were preparing to attack them. [6], The news of the fall of Edessa was brought back to Europe first by pilgrims early in 1145, and then by embassies from Antioch, Jerusalem and Armenia. Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June 1147. In the Holy Land, the Second Crusade had disastrous long-term consequences for Jerusalem. September 15, 1146 —Imad ad-Din Zengi, the founder of the Zengid Dynasty, is assassinated by a servant he had threatened to punish. "[18] The Saxon army under Henry the Lion withdrew after the pagan chief, Niklot, agreed to have Dobin's garrison undergo baptism. The Second Crusade was considered a failure due to the fact that a majority of Crusaders forces were wiped out by the Turks in Asia Minor. They told St Bernard of their desire to campaign against pagan Slavs at an Imperial Diet meeting in Frankfurt on 13 March 1147. [13] In May 1147, the first contingents of crusaders left from Dartmouth in England for the Holy Land. [37] The Seljuqs almost totally destroyed King Conrad's party on 25 October 1147 at the second battle of Dorylaeum. In the event of war, the ahdath militias, based in the cities under the command of the ra’is (chief), and who were usually ethnic Arabs, were called upon to increase the number of troops. The Turks were indeed waiting to attack, but in a small battle outside Ephesus on 24 December 1147, the French proved victorious. How far was King Louis VII responsible for the failure of the second crusade? In 1171, Saladin, nephew of one of Nur ad-Din's generals, was proclaimed Sultan of Egypt, uniting Egypt and Syria and completely surrounding the crusader kingdom. [10], The initial response to the new crusade bull was poor, and it in fact had to be reissued when it was clear that Louis VII of France would be taking part in the expedition. The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, located … l Here, the pope addresses himself to France’s King Louis VII, his princes and all the faithful living in his realm. However, the disparate Christian leaders regarded their counterparts with suspicion and accused each other of sabotaging the campaign. [39] Conrad himself was wounded in a skirmish with them. Louis VII succeeded his father, Louis VI, on 1 August 1137, within days of his marriage to Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine. Overseas passages , St. Bernard preaching for the 2nd crusade and Louis VII, king of France ,, 15th century,, France,, . It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century. [50] Fulk, the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, was sent to invite Louis to join them. His French counterpart soon followed his example and the Second Crusade came to an end, failing to achieve anything. The crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims. [32], Joscelin II retook the town of Edessa and besieged the citadel following Zengi's murder, but Nur ad-Din defeated him in November 1146. Louis VII (ca. St. Bernard Preaches at Vezelay. Both the Germans and French therefore entered Asia without any Byzantine assistance, unlike the armies of the First Crusade. "The Origin of the Second Crusade". Meanwhile, Otto of Freising and the remnant of his troops arrived in Jerusalem early in April, and Conrad soon after. The Saxons achieved largely token conversions at Dobin, as the Slavs resorted to their pagan beliefs once the Christian armies dispersed. Some of the French were outraged by Manuel's truce with the Seljuqs and called for an alliance with Roger II and an attack on Constantinople, but Louis restrained them. This was the most spectacular meeting of the Court in its existence. In December 1148, he captured Tortosa after a five-month siege again with the help of French, Anglo-Normans and Genoese crusaders. Louis VII of France, his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and the princes and lords present prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard to receive the pilgrims' cross. [2] Count Baldwin II and future count Joscelin of Courtenay were taken captive after their defeat at the Battle of Harran in 1104. [47], In response to the arrival of the Crusaders, the regent of Damascus, Mu'in ad-Din Unur, started making feverish preparations for war, strengthening the fortifications of Damascus, ordering troops to his city and having the water sources along the road to Damascus destroyed or diverted. There they were convinced to meet with King Afonso I of Portugal.[23]. The Greeks were encouraged by rumours that the Germans had captured Iconium (Konya), but Manuel refused to give Louis any Byzantine troops. Louis and Conrad entering Antioch. [51], The nobility of Jerusalem welcomed the arrival of troops from Europe. Events in Mosul compelled him to return home, and he once again set his sights on Damascus. [29] Louis VII was a devout Christian with a sensitive side who was often attacked by contemporaries like Bernard of Clairvaux for being more in love with his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, than being interested in war or politics. Zengi himself was praised throughout Islam as "defender of the faith" and al-Malik al-Mansur, "the victorious king". With Nur ad-Din in the field it was impossible for the Crusaders to return to their better position. [33], The German crusaders, accompanied by the papal legate and cardinal Theodwin, intended to meet the French in Constantinople. [38][52], In the end, the decision was made to attack the city of Damascus, a former ally of the Kingdom of Jerusalem that had shifted its allegiance to that of the Zengids, and attacked the Kingdom's allied city of Bosra in 1147. The majority of Otto's force were either killed in battle or captured and sold into slavery. On 1 August 1137, shortly after the marriage, Louis VI died, and Louis VII became king. At Speyer, Conrad III of Germany and his nephew, later Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, received the cross from the hand of Bernard. At this junction, King Louis VII (not to be confused with his namesake and future saint, Louis IX) abandoned his troops and took ship with his wife and nobles for Antioch. The Second Crusade and the Cistercians (1992) In seeking to establish the formal origin of the Second Crusade, one finds that in Vetralla on December 1,1145, Pope Eugenius III issued the crusading bull Quantum praedecessores. Even though he had thought of starting one before he got the letter. Louis no longer wanted to continue by land, and it was decided to gather a fleet at Adalia and to sail for Antioch. On 10 September, however, they arrived at Constantinople, where relations with Manuel were poor, resulting in a battle, after which the Germans became convinced that they should cross into Asia Minor as quickly as possible. Albert of Pomerania explained, "If they had come to strengthen the Christian faith ... they should do so by preaching, not by arms". [62] Damascus no longer trusted the crusader kingdom and was taken by Nur ad-Din after a short siege in 1154. The Pope summons the second crusade in a effort to take back the stolen land. Bernard considered it his duty to send an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his Book of Consideration. Unlike the First Crusade, however, the Second Crusade was led by two of Europe’s greatest rulers, King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. Following the death of Duke William X of Aquitaine, Louis VI moved quickly to have his son married to Eleanor of Aquitaine, who had inherited William's territory, on 25 July 1137. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. Bernard was unhappy that the crusade could be seen to be instigated by the King and he believed that it was important the the Pope should be the one to call it as Pope Urban II had done before the First Crusade. Conrad III of Germany joined him, and both led approximately 35,000 crusaders (20,000 Germans and 15,000 French) during the Second Crusade. The ra'is of Damascus and commander of the ahdath military Mu'ayad al-Dawhal Ibn al-Sufi feel that since his ahdath had played a major role in defeating the Second Crusade that he deserved a greater share of the power, and within two months of Anur's death was leading a rebellion against Abaq. The second military expedition to the Holy Land was called for by the Church to recapture the County of Edessa that fell to the Muslims in 1144. Although the Second Crusade ultimately failed, the Knights Templar showed themselves as the most capable, brave and well organized military force in the entire Western world. The fleet that had stopped at Lisbon arrived around this time, as well as the Provençals who had left Europe under the command of Alfonso Jordan, Count of Toulouse. Manuel also sent ambassadors complaining about the pillaging and plundering that Louis had done along the way, and there was no guarantee that the Byzantines would assist them against the Turks. Conrad began a slow retreat back to Constantinople, his army harassed daily by the Turks, who attacked stragglers and defeated the rearguard. After the First Crusade, and the minor Crusade of 1101, there were three Crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalem, the Principality of Antioch, and the County of Edessa. Alternative Titles: Louis le Jeune, Louis the Younger. Image of Pope: While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall. This bull stated that there was to be no difference between the spiritual rewards of the different crusaders. It is almost certain that the Zangid rulers delayed sending troops to Damascus out of the hope that their rival Unur might lose his city to the Crusaders. Louis VII (c.1120-1180) the Young, King of France Taking the Banner in St. Denis in 1147, 1840 (oil on canvas) by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse.The painting is presently on display at Versailles. Zengi, already seeking to take advantage of Fulk's death in 1143, hurried north to besiege Edessa, which fell to him after a month on 24 December 1144. The Turks did not bother to attack further and the French marched on to Adalia, continually harassed from afar by the Turks, who had also burned the land to prevent the French from replenishing their food, both for themselves and their horses. Within the empire itself, the crusade was remembered as a triumph of diplomacy. Later they also helped to conquer Sintra, Almada, Palmela and Setúbal, and they were allowed to stay in the conquered lands, where they settled down and had offspring. Edessa was the Armenian city that Baldwin of Boulogne took control of during the First Crusade.It was captured by a Turk named Zengi who himself had some interesting ties to that Crusade. But the marriage had never been a happy one and Eleanor had been accused of adultery while accompanying Louis on crusade to the Holy Land in 1149. 1120-1180) was king of France from 1137 to 1180. The discord also extended to the marriage of Louis and Eleanor, which had been falling apart during the course of the Crusade. Bernard then found Rudolf in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery. The bull was reissued on 1 March 1146, and Eugene authorized Bernard to preach the news throughout France. The crusaders were pushed back from the walls into the orchards, leaving them exposed to ambushes and guerrilla attacks. In the event of war, the ahdath militias, based in the cities under the command of the ra’is (chief), and who were usually ethnic Arabs, were called upon to increase the number of troops. [11], The Pope commissioned French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux to preach the Second Crusade, and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade. The Germans had already decided to travel overland through Hungary; they regarded the sea route as politically impractical because Roger II of Sicily was an enemy of Conrad. [8] Eugene did not control Rome and lived instead at Viterbo,[9] but nevertheless the Second Crusade was meant to be more organized and centrally controlled than the First: the armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route would be planned beforehand.
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